Trait Deref

1.0.0 (const: unstable) · Source
pub trait Deref {
    type Target: ?Sized;

    // Required method
    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target;
}
Expand description

Used for immutable dereferencing operations, like *v.

In addition to being used for explicit dereferencing operations with the (unary) * operator in immutable contexts, Deref is also used implicitly by the compiler in many circumstances. This mechanism is called Deref coercion”. In mutable contexts, DerefMut is used and mutable deref coercion similarly occurs.

Warning: Deref coercion is a powerful language feature which has far-reaching implications for every type that implements Deref. The compiler will silently insert calls to Deref::deref. For this reason, one should be careful about implementing Deref and only do so when deref coercion is desirable. See below for advice on when this is typically desirable or undesirable.

Types that implement Deref or DerefMut are often called “smart pointers” and the mechanism of deref coercion has been specifically designed to facilitate the pointer-like behavior that name suggests. Often, the purpose of a “smart pointer” type is to change the ownership semantics of a contained value (for example, Rc or Cow) or the storage semantics of a contained value (for example, Box).

§Deref coercion

If T implements Deref<Target = U>, and v is a value of type T, then:

  • In immutable contexts, *v (where T is neither a reference nor a raw pointer) is equivalent to *Deref::deref(&v).
  • Values of type &T are coerced to values of type &U
  • T implicitly implements all the methods of the type U which take the &self receiver.

For more details, visit the chapter in The Rust Programming Language as well as the reference sections on the dereference operator, method resolution, and type coercions.

§When to implement Deref or DerefMut

The same advice applies to both deref traits. In general, deref traits should be implemented if:

  1. a value of the type transparently behaves like a value of the target type;
  2. the implementation of the deref function is cheap; and
  3. users of the type will not be surprised by any deref coercion behavior.

In general, deref traits should not be implemented if:

  1. the deref implementations could fail unexpectedly; or
  2. the type has methods that are likely to collide with methods on the target type; or
  3. committing to deref coercion as part of the public API is not desirable.

Note that there’s a large difference between implementing deref traits generically over many target types, and doing so only for specific target types.

Generic implementations, such as for Box<T> (which is generic over every type and dereferences to T) should be careful to provide few or no methods, since the target type is unknown and therefore every method could collide with one on the target type, causing confusion for users. impl<T> Box<T> has no methods (though several associated functions), partly for this reason.

Specific implementations, such as for String (whose Deref implementation has Target = str) can have many methods, since avoiding collision is much easier. String and str both have many methods, and String additionally behaves as if it has every method of str because of deref coercion. The implementing type may also be generic while the implementation is still specific in this sense; for example, Vec<T> dereferences to [T], so methods of T are not applicable.

Consider also that deref coercion means that deref traits are a much larger part of a type’s public API than any other trait as it is implicitly called by the compiler. Therefore, it is advisable to consider whether this is something you are comfortable supporting as a public API.

The AsRef and Borrow traits have very similar signatures to Deref. It may be desirable to implement either or both of these, whether in addition to or rather than deref traits. See their documentation for details.

§Fallibility

This trait’s method should never unexpectedly fail. Deref coercion means the compiler will often insert calls to Deref::deref implicitly. Failure during dereferencing can be extremely confusing when Deref is invoked implicitly. In the majority of uses it should be infallible, though it may be acceptable to panic if the type is misused through programmer error, for example.

However, infallibility is not enforced and therefore not guaranteed. As such, unsafe code should not rely on infallibility in general for soundness.

§Examples

A struct with a single field which is accessible by dereferencing the struct.

use std::ops::Deref;

struct DerefExample<T> {
    value: T
}

impl<T> Deref for DerefExample<T> {
    type Target = T;

    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        &self.value
    }
}

let x = DerefExample { value: 'a' };
assert_eq!('a', *x);

Required Associated Types§

1.0.0 · Source

type Target: ?Sized

The resulting type after dereferencing.

Required Methods§

1.0.0 · Source

fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target

Dereferences the value.

Implementors§

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impl Deref for rama::tls::rustls::dep::rustls::Connection

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impl Deref for rama::tls::rustls::dep::rustls::quic::Connection

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impl Deref for rama::bytes::Bytes

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type Target = [u8]

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impl Deref for BytesMut

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type Target = [u8]

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impl Deref for RequestContextExt

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impl Deref for NameServerConfigGroup

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impl Deref for DnsOverwrite

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impl Deref for WakerRef<'_>

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impl Deref for HttpProxyConnectResponseHeaders

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impl Deref for Forwarded

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impl Deref for RequestExtensions

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impl Deref for RequestHeaders

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impl Deref for Authority

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impl Deref for Body

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type Target = Body

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impl Deref for rama::http::service::web::extract::Bytes

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impl Deref for Host

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type Target = Host

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impl Deref for Text

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impl Deref for ClientWebSocket

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impl Deref for ServerWebSocket

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impl Deref for Utf8Bytes

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type Target = str

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impl Deref for ClientSocketInfo

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impl Deref for SpanEvents

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type Target = [Event]

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type Target = [Link]

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impl Deref for Asn1BitString

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impl Deref for Asn1GeneralizedTime

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impl Deref for Asn1Integer

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impl Deref for Asn1Object

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impl Deref for Asn1String

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impl Deref for Asn1Time

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impl Deref for BigNum

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impl Deref for BigNumContext

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impl Deref for Conf

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impl Deref for EcGroup

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impl Deref for EcPoint

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impl Deref for EcdsaSig

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impl Deref for DigestBytes

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type Target = [u8]

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impl Deref for HpkeKey

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impl Deref for Pkcs12

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impl Deref for SrtpProtectionProfile

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impl Deref for ConnectConfiguration

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impl Deref for Ssl

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impl Deref for SslAcceptorBuilder

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impl Deref for SslCipher

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impl Deref for SslConnectorBuilder

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impl Deref for SslContext

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impl Deref for SslEchKeys

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impl Deref for SslSession

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impl Deref for OpensslString

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impl Deref for OpensslStringRef

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type Target = str

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impl Deref for X509Store

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impl Deref for X509StoreBuilder

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impl Deref for GeneralName

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impl Deref for X509

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impl Deref for X509Algorithm

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impl Deref for X509Extension

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impl Deref for X509Name

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impl Deref for X509NameEntry

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impl Deref for X509Object

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impl Deref for X509Req

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impl Deref for X509StoreContext

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impl Deref for X509VerifyParam

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impl Deref for Tls12ClientSessionValue

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type Target = ClientSessionCommon

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impl Deref for Tls13ClientSessionValue

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type Target = ClientSessionCommon

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impl Deref for UnbufferedClientConnection

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impl Deref for BorrowedPayload<'_>

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type Target = [u8]

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impl Deref for rama::tls::rustls::dep::rustls::quic::ClientConnection

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impl Deref for rama::tls::rustls::dep::rustls::quic::ServerConnection

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impl Deref for UnbufferedServerConnection

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impl Deref for rama::tls::rustls::dep::rustls::ClientConnection

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impl Deref for rama::tls::rustls::dep::rustls::ServerConnection

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impl Deref for ClientUnixSocketInfo

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impl Deref for EcdsaSigningAlgorithm

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impl Deref for AlgorithmIdentifier

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type Target = [u8]

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impl Deref for CertificateDer<'_>

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type Target = [u8]

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impl Deref for CertificateRevocationListDer<'_>

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type Target = [u8]

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impl Deref for CertificateSigningRequestDer<'_>

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type Target = [u8]

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impl Deref for Der<'_>

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type Target = [u8]

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impl Deref for EchConfigListBytes<'_>

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type Target = [u8]

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impl Deref for SubjectPublicKeyInfoDer<'_>

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type Target = [u8]

1.0.0 · Source§

impl Deref for String

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impl Deref for ByteString

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impl Deref for CString

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impl Deref for ByteStr

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impl Deref for OsString

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impl Deref for PathBuf

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impl Deref for A

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impl Deref for AAAA

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impl Deref for ANAME

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type Target = Name

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impl Deref for Attributes

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type Target = [Attribute]

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impl Deref for CNAME

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type Target = Name

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impl Deref for CurrencyType

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type Target = TinyAsciiStr<3>

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impl Deref for DataMarkerAttributes

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type Target = str

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impl Deref for Digest

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type Target = [u8; 16]

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impl Deref for DnsRequest

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type Target = Message

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impl Deref for DnsResponse

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type Target = Message

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impl Deref for EnteredSpan

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type Target = Span

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impl Deref for HTTPS

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type Target = SVCB

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impl Deref for LowerName

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type Target = Name

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impl Deref for MergeError

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type Target = Vec<InsertError>

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impl Deref for Message

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type Target = Header

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impl Deref for NS

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type Target = Name

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impl Deref for NumberingSystem

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type Target = Subtag

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impl Deref for PTR

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type Target = Name

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impl Deref for PotentialUtf8

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type Target = [u8]

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impl Deref for Private

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type Target = [Subtag]

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impl Deref for RegionOverride

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type Target = SubdivisionId

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impl Deref for RegionalSubdivision

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type Target = SubdivisionId

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impl Deref for SmolStr

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type Target = str

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impl Deref for TimeZoneShortId

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type Target = Subtag

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impl Deref for UriTemplateString

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type Target = UriTemplateStr

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impl Deref for Variants

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type Target = [Variant]

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impl Deref for ZoneUsage

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type Target = Name

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impl<'a> Deref for IoSlice<'a>

1.36.0 · Source§

impl<'a> Deref for IoSliceMut<'a>

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impl<'a> Deref for MaybeUninitSlice<'a>

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impl<'a> Deref for Curve25519SeedBin<'a>

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type Target = Buffer<'a, Curve25519SeedBinType>

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impl<'a> Deref for EcPrivateKeyBin<'a>

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type Target = Buffer<'a, EcPrivateKeyBinType>

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impl<'a> Deref for EcPrivateKeyRfc5915Der<'a>

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type Target = Buffer<'a, EcPrivateKeyRfc5915DerType>

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impl<'a> Deref for EcPublicKeyCompressedBin<'a>

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type Target = Buffer<'a, EcPublicKeyCompressedBinType>

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impl<'a> Deref for EcPublicKeyUncompressedBin<'a>

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type Target = Buffer<'a, EcPublicKeyUncompressedBinType>

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impl<'a> Deref for Pkcs8V1Der<'a>

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type Target = Buffer<'a, Pkcs8V1DerType>

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impl<'a> Deref for Pkcs8V2Der<'a>

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type Target = Buffer<'a, Pkcs8V2DerType>

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impl<'a> Deref for PqdsaPrivateKeyRaw<'a>

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type Target = Buffer<'a, PqdsaPrivateKeyRawType>

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impl<'a> Deref for PqdsaSeedRaw<'a>

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type Target = Buffer<'a, PqdsaSeedRawType>

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impl<'a> Deref for PublicKeyX509Der<'a>

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type Target = Buffer<'a, PublicKeyX509DerType>

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impl<'a> Deref for EncapsulationKeyBytes<'a>

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type Target = Buffer<'a, EncapsulationKeyBytesType>

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impl<'a> Deref for rama::crypto::dep::x509_parser::certificate::X509Certificate<'a>

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impl<'a> Deref for rama::crypto::dep::x509_parser::extensions::CRLDistributionPoints<'a>

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impl<'a> Deref for CRLDistributionPoints<'a>

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type Target = Vec<CRLDistributionPoint<'a>>

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impl<'a> Deref for EndEntityCert<'a>

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type Target = Cert<'a>

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impl<'a> Deref for X509Certificate<'a>

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type Target = TbsCertificate<'a>

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impl<'a, 'f> Deref for VaList<'a, 'f>
where 'f: 'a,

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impl<'a, R, G, T> Deref for MappedReentrantMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T>
where R: RawMutex + 'a, G: GetThreadId + 'a, T: 'a + ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, R, G, T> Deref for ReentrantMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T>
where R: RawMutex + 'a, G: GetThreadId + 'a, T: 'a + ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, R, T> Deref for MappedMutexGuard<'a, R, T>
where R: RawMutex + 'a, T: 'a + ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, R, T> Deref for MappedRwLockReadGuard<'a, R, T>
where R: RawRwLock + 'a, T: 'a + ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, R, T> Deref for MappedRwLockWriteGuard<'a, R, T>
where R: RawRwLock + 'a, T: 'a + ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, R, T> Deref for MutexGuard<'a, R, T>
where R: RawMutex + 'a, T: 'a + ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, R, T> Deref for RwLockReadGuard<'a, R, T>
where R: RawRwLock + 'a, T: 'a + ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, R, T> Deref for RwLockUpgradableReadGuard<'a, R, T>
where R: RawRwLockUpgrade + 'a, T: 'a + ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, R, T> Deref for RwLockWriteGuard<'a, R, T>
where R: RawRwLock + 'a, T: 'a + ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, S> Deref for CertifiedIssuer<'a, S>

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type Target = Issuer<'a, S>

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impl<'a, T> Deref for rama::crypto::dep::x509_parser::prelude::asn1_rs::nom::lib::std::vec::PeekMut<'a, T>

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impl<'a, T> Deref for AllocatedStackMemory<'a, T>

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type Target = [T]

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impl<'a, T> Deref for Locked<'a, T>

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, T> Deref for MappedMutexGuard<'a, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, T> Deref for MutexGuard<'a, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, T> Deref for SpinMutexGuard<'a, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, T> Deref for ZeroVec<'a, T>
where T: AsULE,

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type Target = ZeroSlice<T>

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impl<'a, T, C> Deref for sharded_slab::pool::Ref<'a, T, C>
where T: Clear + Default, C: Config,

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impl<'a, T, C> Deref for sharded_slab::pool::RefMut<'a, T, C>
where C: Config, T: Clear + Default,

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impl<'a, T, C> Deref for Entry<'a, T, C>
where C: Config,

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impl<'a, T, F> Deref for PoolGuard<'a, T, F>
where T: Send, F: Fn() -> T,

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type Target = T

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impl<'a, V> Deref for VarZeroCow<'a, V>
where V: VarULE + ?Sized,

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type Target = V

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impl<'rwlock, T> Deref for RwLockReadGuard<'rwlock, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'rwlock, T, R> Deref for RwLockUpgradableGuard<'rwlock, T, R>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'rwlock, T, R> Deref for RwLockWriteGuard<'rwlock, T, R>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<'s> Deref for SockRef<'s>

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impl<'s, T> Deref for SliceVec<'s, T>

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type Target = [T]

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impl<A> Deref for ArrayVec<A>
where A: Array,

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type Target = [<A as Array>::Item]

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impl<A> Deref for SmallVec<A>
where A: Array,

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type Target = [<A as Array>::Item]

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impl<A> Deref for TinyVec<A>
where A: Array,

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type Target = [<A as Array>::Item]

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impl<B> Deref for Cow<'_, B>
where B: ToOwned + ?Sized, <B as ToOwned>::Owned: Borrow<B>,

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impl<B, T> Deref for Ref<B, T>
where B: ByteSlice, T: FromBytes + KnownLayout + Immutable + ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<C0, C1, T> Deref for EitherCart<C0, C1>
where C0: Deref<Target = T>, C1: Deref<Target = T>, T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<C> Deref for Authorization<C>

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type Target = C

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impl<C, ID> Deref for LeasedConnection<C, ID>

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type Target = C

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impl<Data> Deref for rama::tls::rustls::dep::rustls::quic::ConnectionCommon<Data>

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impl<H> Deref for TypedHeader<H>

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type Target = H

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impl<L, R> Deref for Either<L, R>
where L: Deref, R: Deref<Target = <L as Deref>::Target>,

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type Target = <L as Deref>::Target

1.33.0 · Source§

impl<Ptr> Deref for Pin<Ptr>
where Ptr: Deref,

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type Target = <Ptr as Deref>::Target

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impl<R> Deref for RequestStatePair<R>

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type Target = R

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impl<S> Deref for BlockingStream<S>
where S: Stream + Unpin,

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type Target = S

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impl<S> Deref for Ascii<S>

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type Target = S

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impl<S> Deref for RiAbsoluteString<S>
where S: Spec,

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type Target = RiAbsoluteStr<S>

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impl<S> Deref for RiFragmentString<S>
where S: Spec,

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type Target = RiFragmentStr<S>

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impl<S> Deref for RiQueryString<S>
where S: Spec,

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type Target = RiQueryStr<S>

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impl<S> Deref for RiReferenceString<S>
where S: Spec,

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type Target = RiReferenceStr<S>

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impl<S> Deref for RiRelativeString<S>
where S: Spec,

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type Target = RiRelativeStr<S>

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impl<S> Deref for RiString<S>
where S: Spec,

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type Target = RiStr<S>

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impl<S> Deref for UniCase<S>

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type Target = S

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impl<T> Deref for &T
where T: ?Sized,

1.0.0 (const: unstable) · Source§

impl<T> Deref for &mut T
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for rama::futures::lock::MutexGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for rama::futures::lock::OwnedMutexGuard<T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Csv<T>

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Form<T>

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Json<T>

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Path<T>

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for AppendHeaders<T>

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Css<T>

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Html<T>

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Script<T>

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for JsonEventData<T>

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Dh<T>

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type Target = DhRef<T>

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impl<T> Deref for Dsa<T>

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type Target = DsaRef<T>

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impl<T> Deref for EcKey<T>

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type Target = EcKeyRef<T>

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impl<T> Deref for PKey<T>

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type Target = PKeyRef<T>

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impl<T> Deref for Rsa<T>

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type Target = RsaRef<T>

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impl<T> Deref for Stack<T>
where T: Stackable,

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type Target = StackRef<T>

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impl<T> Deref for rama::tls::rustls::dep::rustls::lock::MutexGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for rama::tls::rustls::dep::rustls::ConnectionCommon<T>

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impl<T> Deref for UnbufferedConnectionCommon<T>

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impl<T> Deref for SequenceOf<T>

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type Target = [T]

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impl<T> Deref for SetOf<T>

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type Target = [T]

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impl<T> Deref for ThinBox<T>
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for ManuallyDrop<T>
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for core::cell::Ref<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for core::cell::RefMut<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for AssertUnwindSafe<T>

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impl<T> Deref for std::sync::poison::mutex::MappedMutexGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for std::sync::poison::rwlock::MappedRwLockReadGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for std::sync::poison::rwlock::MappedRwLockWriteGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for std::sync::poison::rwlock::RwLockReadGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for std::sync::poison::rwlock::RwLockWriteGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for ReentrantLockGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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impl<T> Deref for CachePadded<T>

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Metadata<'_, T>
where T: SmartDisplay + ?Sized,

Permit using Metadata as a smart pointer to the user-provided metadata.

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type Target = <T as SmartDisplay>::Metadata

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impl<T> Deref for MutexGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Owned<T>
where T: Pointable + ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for OwnedMutexGuard<T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for OwnedRwLockWriteGuard<T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Ref<'_, T>

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for RwLockMappedWriteGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for RwLockReadGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for RwLockWriteGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for ShardedLockReadGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for ShardedLockWriteGuard<'_, T>
where T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T> Deref for Unalign<T>
where T: Unaligned,

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type Target = T

1.0.0 · Source§

impl<T, A> Deref for rama::crypto::dep::x509_parser::prelude::asn1_rs::nom::lib::std::boxed::Box<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

1.12.0 · Source§

impl<T, A> Deref for rama::crypto::dep::x509_parser::prelude::asn1_rs::nom::lib::std::collections::binary_heap::PeekMut<'_, T, A>
where T: Ord, A: Allocator,

1.0.0 · Source§

impl<T, A> Deref for rama::crypto::dep::x509_parser::prelude::asn1_rs::nom::lib::std::vec::Vec<T, A>
where A: Allocator,

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impl<T, A> Deref for Rc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

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impl<T, A> Deref for UniqueRc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

1.0.0 · Source§

impl<T, A> Deref for Arc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

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impl<T, A> Deref for UniqueArc<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

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impl<T, A> Deref for Box<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized,

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type Target = T

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impl<T, A> Deref for Vec<T, A>
where A: Allocator,

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type Target = [T]

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impl<T, C> Deref for OwnedRef<T, C>
where T: Clear + Default, C: Config,

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impl<T, C> Deref for OwnedRefMut<T, C>
where T: Clear + Default, C: Config,

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impl<T, C> Deref for OwnedEntry<T, C>
where C: Config,

1.80.0 · Source§

impl<T, F> Deref for LazyCell<T, F>
where F: FnOnce() -> T,

1.80.0 · Source§

impl<T, F> Deref for LazyLock<T, F>
where F: FnOnce() -> T,

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impl<T, F> Deref for Lazy<T, F>
where F: Fn() -> T,

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type Target = T

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impl<T, F> Deref for Lazy<T, F>
where F: FnOnce() -> T,

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type Target = T

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impl<T, F> Deref for Lazy<T, F>
where F: FnOnce() -> T,

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type Target = T

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impl<T, F> Deref for VarZeroVec<'_, T, F>
where T: VarULE + ?Sized, F: VarZeroVecFormat,

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type Target = VarZeroSlice<T, F>

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impl<T, F> Deref for VarZeroVecOwned<T, F>
where T: VarULE + ?Sized, F: VarZeroVecFormat,

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type Target = VarZeroSlice<T, F>

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impl<T, F, R> Deref for Lazy<T, F, R>
where F: FnOnce() -> T, R: RelaxStrategy,

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type Target = T

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impl<T, F, S> Deref for ScopeGuard<T, F, S>
where F: FnOnce(T), S: Strategy,

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impl<T, N> Deref for GenericArray<T, N>
where N: ArrayLength<T>,

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type Target = [T]

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impl<T, S> Deref for Guard<T, S>
where T: RefCnt, S: Strategy<T>,

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type Target = T

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impl<T, U> Deref for rama::futures::lock::MappedMutexGuard<'_, T, U>
where T: ?Sized, U: ?Sized,

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type Target = U

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impl<T, U> Deref for OwnedMappedMutexGuard<T, U>
where T: ?Sized, U: ?Sized,

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type Target = U

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impl<T, U> Deref for OwnedRwLockMappedWriteGuard<T, U>
where T: ?Sized, U: ?Sized,

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type Target = U

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impl<T, U> Deref for OwnedRwLockReadGuard<T, U>
where T: ?Sized, U: ?Sized,

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type Target = U

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impl<Z> Deref for Zeroizing<Z>
where Z: Zeroize,

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type Target = Z

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impl<const N: usize> Deref for CcidEndpoints<N>

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type Target = [u8]

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impl<const N: usize> Deref for TinyAsciiStr<N>

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type Target = str

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impl<const SIZE: usize> Deref for WriteBuffer<SIZE>

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type Target = str